This report is intended as a compendium to describe the tools available for use by industry for response to an oil spill in the Arctic.
Plastic has penetrated everyday life, and the disadvantages of plastics are becoming more and more visible: large quantities of plastics leak into rivers and oceans, with adverse effects to marine ecosystems and related economic activities. This report is one of the first of its kind to quantify primary microplastics leakage and to demonstrate that these primary microplastics are globally responsible for a major source of plastics in the oceans.
Plastic debris has now become the most serious problem affecting the marine environment, not only for coastal areas of developing countries but also for the world's oceans as a whole. Drifiting plastic debris is well recognized as having several adverse effects on marine species and ecosystems, but there is still a lack of precise knowledge about the quantity, sources, transport, accumulation and fate of plastics in the oceans.
The Journal publishes original contributions dealing with the following fields of investigations.
Reefs at Risk Revisited is part of a series that began in 1998 with the release of the first global analysis, Reefs at Risk: A Map-Based Indicator of Threats to the Worlds Coral Reefs. Two regionspecific publications followed with Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia (2002) and Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean (2004). These regional studies incorporated more detailed data and refined the modeling approach for mapping the impact of human activities on reefs.
This volume has been compiled to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, which for half a century has been the UN organization responsible for fostering intergovernmental cooperation on global ocean science.
